Tools

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) allows servers to expose tools that can be invoked by language models. Tools enable models to interact with external systems, such as querying databases, calling APIs, or performing computations. Each tool is uniquely identified by a name and includes metadata describing its schema.

User Interaction Model

Tools in MCP are designed to be model-controlled, meaning that the language model can discover and invoke tools automatically based on its contextual understanding and the user’s prompts.

However, implementations are free to expose tools through any interface pattern that suits their needs—the protocol itself does not mandate any specific user interaction model.

Capabilities

Servers that support tools MUST declare the tools capability:

{
  "capabilities": {
    "tools": {
      "listChanged": true
    }
  }
}

listChanged indicates whether the server will emit notifications when the list of available tools changes.

Protocol Messages

Listing Tools

To discover available tools, clients send a tools/list request. This operation supports pagination.

Request:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "tools/list",
  "params": {
    "cursor": "optional-cursor-value"
  }
}

Response:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": {
    "tools": [
      {
        "name": "get_weather",
        "description": "Get current weather information for a location",
        "inputSchema": {
          "type": "object",
          "properties": {
            "location": {
              "type": "string",
              "description": "City name or zip code"
            }
          },
          "required": ["location"]
        }
      }
    ],
    "nextCursor": "next-page-cursor"
  }
}

Calling Tools

To invoke a tool, clients send a tools/call request:

Request:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 2,
  "method": "tools/call",
  "params": {
    "name": "get_weather",
    "arguments": {
      "location": "New York"
    }
  }
}

Response:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 2,
  "result": {
    "content": [{
      "type": "text",
      "text": "Current weather in New York:\nTemperature: 72°F\nConditions: Partly cloudy"
    }],
    "isError": false
  }
}

List Changed Notification

When the list of available tools changes, servers that declared the listChanged capability SHOULD send a notification:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "method": "notifications/tools/list_changed"
}

Message Flow

sequenceDiagram
    participant LLM
    participant Client
    participant Server

    Note over Client,Server: Discovery
    Client->>Server: tools/list
    Server-->>Client: List of tools

    Note over Client,LLM: Tool Selection
    LLM->>Client: Select tool to use

    Note over Client,Server: Invocation
    Client->>Server: tools/call
    Server-->>Client: Tool result
    Client->>LLM: Process result

    Note over Client,Server: Updates
    Server--)Client: tools/list_changed
    Client->>Server: tools/list
    Server-->>Client: Updated tools

Data Types

Tool

A tool definition includes:

• name: Unique identifier for the tool
• description: Human-readable description of functionality
• inputSchema: JSON Schema defining expected parameters

Tool Result

Tool results can contain multiple content items of different types:

Text Content

{
  "type": "text",
  "text": "Tool result text"
}

Image Content

{
  "type": "image",
  "data": "base64-encoded-data",
  "mimeType": "image/png"
}

Embedded Resources

Resources MAY be embedded, to provide additional context or data, behind a URI that can be subscribed to or fetched again by the client later:

{
  "type": "resource",
  "resource": {
    "uri": "resource://example",
    "mimeType": "text/plain",
    "text": "Resource content"
  }
}

Error Handling

Tools use two error reporting mechanisms:

1. Protocol Errors: Standard JSON-RPC errors for issues like:

   • Unknown tools
   • Invalid arguments
   • Server errors

2. Tool Execution Errors: Reported in tool results with isError: true:

   • API failures
   • Invalid input data
   • Business logic errors

Example protocol error:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 3,
  "error": {
    "code": -32602,
    "message": "Unknown tool: invalid_tool_name"
  }
}

Example tool execution error:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 4,
  "result": {
    "content": [{
      "type": "text",
      "text": "Failed to fetch weather data: API rate limit exceeded"
    }],
    "isError": true
  }
}

Security Considerations

1. Servers MUST:

   • Validate all tool inputs
   • Implement proper access controls
   • Rate limit tool invocations
   • Sanitize tool outputs

2. Clients SHOULD:

   • Prompt for user confirmation on sensitive operations
   • Show tool inputs to the user before calling the server, to avoid malicious or accidental data exfiltration
   • Validate tool results before passing to LLM
   • Implement timeouts for tool calls
   • Log tool usage for audit purposes